Antarctic Guide to the First Millennium

There is no official mainstream historical narrative for Antarctica during the 1st millennium because [so we are told] Antarctica was only discovered in 1820.

In 1820, several expeditions claimed to have been the first to have sighted the ice shelf or the continent.
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The first landing was probably just over a year later when American Captain John Davis, a sealer, set foot on the ice.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Antarctica

Oronce Finé (20 December 1494 – 8 August 1555) was a French mathematician and cartographer.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orontius_Finnaeus

In several years of research, the projection of this ancient map was worked out.

It was found to have been drawn on a sophisticated map projection, with the use of trigonometry, and to be so scientific that over fifty locations on the Antarctic continent have been found to be located on it with accuracy that was not attained by modern cartographic science until the nineteenth century.
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In final comment on this extraordinary evidence, I will say that though this map is proved to have existed as far back as 1531, no map of this accuracy could have been drawn in modern times until the invention of the chronometer in the reign of George III about the year 1780.

This instrument first made possible the accurate determination of longitude.
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The mathematical probabilities of anyone’s accidentally getting so many points right on a map are fewer than one in a hundred million.

Path of the Pole – Charles Hapgood – 1970

However, references to the Antarctic date back to Marinus of Tyre [circa 70 – 130 AD] who stated the Earth’s Equatorial Circumference was “180,000 stadia” [33,300 kilometres].

Marinus of Tyre (c. AD 70–130) was a Greek or Hellenized geographer, cartographer and mathematician, who founded mathematical geography and provided the underpinnings of Claudius Ptolemy’s influential Geography.
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Marinus’s geographical treatise is lost and known only from Ptolemy’s remarks.
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His chief legacy is that he first assigned to each place a proper latitude and longitude.

His zero meridian ran through the westernmost land known to him, the Isles of the Blessed around the location of the Canary or Cape Verde Islands.

He used the parallel of Rhodes for measurements of latitude.

Ptolemy mentions several revisions of Marinus’s geographical work, which is often dated to AD 114 although this is uncertain.

Marinus estimated a length of 180,000 stadia for the equator, roughly corresponding to a circumference of the Earth of 33,300 km, about 17% less than the actual value.
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His maps were the first in the Roman Empire to show China.

He also invented equirectangular projection, which is still used in map creation today.
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Marinus also coined the term Antarctic, referring to the opposite of the Arctic Circle.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinus_of_Tyre

Unsurprisingly, the concept of the Earth’s Girth inflating by 20% [6,775 / 33,300 = 20.34534 %] in the last 2,000 years is totally unacceptable to Settled Science.

Thus, given the pristine white canvas of Antarctica, the Earth Scientists have entered into an academic affray over who has the longest Antarctic Appendage.

For example, the Vostok Ice Core reached 3,623 metres in 1996 and it is claimed this ice core provides “a record of past environmental conditions stretching back 420,000 years”.

Vostok Research Station is about 1,300 km (≈800 mi) from the Geographic South Pole, at the center of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet and within the Australian Antarctic Territory.
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The station is at 3,488 metres (11,444 ft) above sea level and is one of the most isolated established research stations on the Antarctic continent.
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In the 1970s the Soviet Union drilled a set of cores 500–952 m deep.

These have been used to study the oxygen isotope composition of the ice, which showed that ice of the last glacial period was present below about 400 m depth.

Then three more holes were drilled: in 1984, Hole 3G reached a final depth of 2202 m; in 1990, Hole 4G reached a final depth of 2546 m; and in 1993 Hole 5G reached a depth of 2755 m; after a brief closure, drilling continued during the winter of 1995.

In 1996 it was stopped at depth 3623 m, by the request of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research that expressed worries about possible contamination of Lake Vostok.

This ice core, drilled collaboratively with the French, produced a record of past environmental conditions stretching back 420,000 years and covering four previous glacial periods.
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Although the Vostok core reached a depth of 3623 m the usable climatic information does not extend down this far. The very bottom of the core is ice refrozen from the waters of Lake Vostok and contains no climate information.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_Station

Petit, J.R., et al., 2001,
Vostok Ice Core Data for 420,000 Years, IGBP PAGES/World Data Center
for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series #2001-076.
NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA.
http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/antarctica/vostok/deutnat.txt

The Vostok Ice Core [vintage 1996] can be recalibrated using inflection point analysis [aka wiggle matching] and the Japanese Cedar Isotopic Tree Thermometer.

Isotopic Tree Thermometers
Leona Marshall Libby, Louis J Pandolfi, Patrick H Payton, John Marshall III, Bernd Becker and V Giertz-Sienbenlist
Nature 261, 284 – 288 – 27 May 1976
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/JC081i036p06377/abstract

See: https://malagabay.wordpress.com/2016/04/08/digitised-japanese-isotopic-tree-thermometer/

Although this recalibration will be hard to swallow for many observers it should be noted the Linear Regression formulae indicate these traces are well aligned.

The temperature record by H. H. Lamb [1965] echoes the recalibrated Vostok trace.

The Early Medieval Warm Epoch and Its Sequel
H. H. Lamb – Meteorological Office, Bracknell
Elsevier Publishing Company – 1965

Click to access lamb.ppp.1965.pdf

See: https://malagabay.wordpress.com/2015/11/23/the-medieval-warm-period-and-the-heinsohn-horizon/

Even the temperature record from the IPCC [1990] echoes the recalibrated Vostok trace.

The Global Warming Folly – Zbigniew Jaworowski – 1999
http://www.mitosyfraudes.org/Ingles/Warm.html
See: https://malagabay.wordpress.com/2015/05/29/the-ice-age-is-coming/

The recalibrated Vostok Ice Core displays [on average] an accumulation rate of 1.77 metres per year whilst in Greenland a “burial rate of 1.72 metres per year” has been observed.

During WWII some American fighter planes were forced to land on the Greenland ice cap due to running out of fuel.

The planes became quickly buried and disappeared from sight.

These planes were discovered 46 years (in 1986) later at a depth of 260 feet, or 79.25 metres, which the New York Times reported in 1988. This suggests that an estimate of burial rate could be calculated as a first pass attempt.

From the reported depth of burial, 260 feet below surface, and the 46 year time span, we can obtain a burial rate of 1.72 metres per year; ([260×0.3048]/46).

See: https://malagabay.wordpress.com/2016/04/13/guest-post-by-louis-hissink/

Perhaps it’s time to dust off those Charles Hapgood books.

Charles Hutchins Hapgood (May 17, 1904 – December 21, 1982) was an American college professor and author who became one of the best known advocates of the claim of a rapid and recent pole shift with catastrophic results.
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In 1958, Hapgood published The Earth’s Shifting Crust which denied the existence of continental drift and featured a foreword by Albert Einstein.

In Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings (1966) and The Path of the Pole (1970), Hapgood proposed the hypothesis that the Earth’s axis has shifted numerous times during geological history.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hapgood

Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings – Charles Hapgood – 1966

Hapgood produces concrete evidence of an advanced worldwide civilization existing many thousands of years before ancient Egypt.

He has found the evidence in many beautiful maps long known to scholars, the Piri Reis Map that shows Antarctica, the Hadji Ahmed map, the Oronteus Finaeus and other amazing maps.

Hapgood concluded that these maps were made from more ancient maps from the various ancient archives around the world, now lost.

http://www.amazon.co.uk/Maps-Ancient-Sea-Kings-Civilization/dp/0932813429/
http://www.amazon.com/Maps-Ancient-Sea-Kings-Civilization/dp/0932813429/

Path of the Pole – Charles Hapgood – 1970

The author, an academic, spent years researching Antarctica, ancient maps and the geological record.

‘The Path of the Pole’, his riveting account of how the poles have often changed position on the earth’s surface, is the culmination of his work.

Polar wandering is based on the idea that the outer shell (crust) of the earth shifts about from time to time, moving some continents toward and others away from the poles, changing their climates.

And perhaps [one day] the Earth Scientists might return to Planet Earth.